VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK

VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK

A exclusiveindividual program (VPN) improves a particular person program and the resources in the program across group techniques like the On the internet. It allows a wide variety computer to provide and get data across allocated or group techniques as if it were a individual program with all the performance, safety and management referrals of the person program.[1] This is done by creating a unique point-to-point connection through the use of dedicated connections, protection, or an wide variety of the two.
The VPN connection over the On the internet is formally a comprehensive area program (WAN) weblink between the websites but seems to the consumer as a individual program link—hence the name "virtual individual network".

Beginning details techniques allowed VPN-style far away partnership through dial-up places or through leased variety connections using Structure Connect and Asynchronous Return Technique (ATM) unique trip provisioned through a program handled by telecom suppliers such as AT&T or Verizon. These strategies are not considered actual VPNs because they passively secured the details being approved on by the growth of sensible details resources.[3] They have given way to VPNs based on IP and IP/Multiprotocol Product Modifying Programs (MPLS) structured VPNs due to essential cost-reductions and enhanced bandwidth offered by new technological innovation such as Digital Consumer Range (DSL) and fiber-optic approaches.
VPNs can be either remote-access (connecting an individual pc to a network) or site-to-site (connecting two techniques together). In a organization developing, remote-access VPNs allow employees to availability their company's intranet from home or while traveling to outside the office, and site-to-site VPNs permit employees in geographically separated work environments to talk about one organic unique program. A VPN can also be used to interconnect two similar techniques over a different middle network; for example, two IPv6 techniques over an IPv4 program.
VPN techniques can be identified by:
the techniques used to tunel the traffic
the tunnel's cancellations factor, i.e., client benefits or network-provider edge
whether they provide site-to-site or remote-access connectivity
the levels of security provided
the OSI part they current to the connecting program, such as Part 2 trip or Part 3 program connectivity

NEWS FOR DISABLED PERSON

NEWS FOR DISABLED TO USE COMPUTERS

When his back did not support him , Larry Rodriguez felt like he was mostly alone in the world.

One day,he had fallen asleep behind the wheel of his truck coming home from work late one night, and the 1992 accident left him paralyzed below his waist.

When he  healed  after the crash to get used to life in a wheelchair, Rodriguez joined  his job at Los Alamos National Laboratory. But he could not perform his job as well as before, so he worried. He tried to find work that he could perform from his rural home near Española.

I was not doing anything. I was just feeling sorry for myself, he said. A lot of that time, I considered myself the Lone Ranger. I’m out here in the boonies in a wheelchair alone.

Ten years later, Rodriguez still had not found another job. He was passed over for many opportunities, he said, because of his physical disability and because people made assumptions about his mental competency.

Rodriguez is one of hundreds of New Mexicans who are on the job now, thanks to a little-known law called the State Use Act. The rules direct state contracts to companies owned by those with disabilities and programs that hire people with disabilities. Rodriguez, 55, is now putting his computer-science degree to use as a technician at the Adelante Development Center in Albuquerque. He refurbishes computers for state agencies, including the state Department of Health.

Moving to Rio Rancho and re-entering the workforce in 2010, he said, made a huge difference in his general outlook.

“I talk to people. I’m going out and about. I don’t just sit around,” he said. “I’m using my head, solving problems with these computers.”

Rodriguez is among about 351 people who were employed through State Use contracts last year. Not everyone who’s tried to tap into the contracting plan has met success, however.

Susan, a Santa Fean who didn’t want her last name published, said she’s been signed up as a qualified member with the nonprofit program’s administrators since 2009 but has not found any work, even though she has a doctoral degree and a number of marketable skills, such as writing, editing and teaching. While the first nonprofit that administered the State Use Act, NM Abilities, communicated with her regularly about potential contracts, she said communication from the program’s current administrator, Horizons of New Mexico, has been nonexistent.

“While 351 jobs are more than nothing, I wonder if they amount to a whole drop of anything in anyone’s concept of a statewide bucket,” she said. “Sharing the information about what ‘scope of work’ is available just might allow for more participants to receive contracts with the state.

“Meanwhile, an entire segment of the workforce stands underused, discarded, excluded and waiting to contribute to and strengthen our interconnected, interdependent framework of society.”

DIGITAL CAMERA

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CAMERA
WORKING AND RESOLUTION

A digital camera (or digicam) is a camera that takes video or still photographs by the process of recording  images on an electronic image sensor. Most cameras sold today are digital and digital cameras are incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones (called camera phones) to vehicles.
Digital and film cameras share an optical system, typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image pickup device. The diaphragm and shutter admit the correct amount of light to the imager, just as with film but the image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical. These cameras, digital cameras can display images on a screen immediately after being recorded, and store and delete images from memory. These cameras can also record moving video with sound. Some digital cameras can crop and stitch pictures and perform other elementary image editing.
The resolution of a digital camera is often limited by the image sensor   that turns light into discrete signals. The sensor is made up of millions of "buckets" that essentially count the number of photons that strike the sensor. The brighter the image at a given point on the sensor, the larger the value that is read for that pixel. Depending on the physical structure of the sensor, a color filter array may be used which requires a demosaicing/interpolation algorithm. The number of resulting pixels in the image determines its "pixel count". For example, a 640x480 image would have 307,200 pixels, or approximately 307 kilopixels; a 3872x2592 image would have 10,036,224 pixels, or approximately 10 megapixels.

Since the first digital backs were introduced, there have been three main methods of capturing the image, each based on the hardware configuration of the sensor and color filters.

The first method is often called single-shot, in reference to the number of times the camera's sensor is exposed to the light passing through the camera lens. Single-shot capture systems use either one CCD with a Bayer filter mosaic, or three separate image sensors 

The second method is referred to as multi-shot because the sensor is exposed to the image in a sequence of three or more openings of the lens aperture. There are several methods of application of the multi-shot technique. The most common originally was to USE single image sensor with three filters (once again red, green and blue) passed in front of the sensor in sequence to obtain the additive color information. Another multiple shot method is called Microscanning. This technique  moved the physical location of the sensor chip on the focus plane of the lens to "stitch" together a higher resolution image than the CCD would allow otherwise. A third version combined the two methods without a Bayer filter on the chip.

Dramatic improvements in single-shot cameras and raw image file processing at the beginning of the 21st century made single shot, CCD-based cameras almost completely dominant, even in high-end commercial photography. Single shot cameras remained somewhat common.

WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
Windows operating system is a family of operating system for personal computers .It is the most popular operating system used on personal computers .Almost 90%  personal computers in the world use Windows.It was developed by MICROSOFT CORPORATION.
Windows provides graphical user interfance (GUI) .It uses windows,icons,menus and other graphical objects to issue commands .It supports many peripheral devices such as mouse and keyboard .Mouse is the most commonly used input device in this operating system.

HARD DRIVE
A Hard Drive is the main storage media.The hard drive is typically designated C:\ drive .A hard drive can be divided into logical parts . Each partition is also assigned a drive letter.If the hard drive is divided in four partitions ,these partitions are called c:.d:.and E: drive

FLOPPY DRIVE
It is used to read/write  smaller volumes of data on floppy disk.It is typically designated  A:\.The common size of floppy drive is 3.5" and its capacity is 1.44 MB

CD-ROM DRIVE
It is used to read data from CD-ROM .These drives are typically labeled after the hard disk drive.

DATA ORGANIZATION IN DOS

DATA ORGANIZATION IN DOS
DOS divides the secondary storage of computer into logical areas knowns as drives.Each drive is recognized by a letter followed by colon.For example ,the first floppy drive is called A: drive and second floppy drive is called B: drive. The hard disk may be assigned the letter c and called c: drive and CD drive may be called D: drive.
The capacity of hard is commonly very large.It is normally divided int logical parts called partitions.The FDISK utility is used to divide the hard disk into partitions .Each partition is aslo assigned a drive letter.If the hard disk is divided in four partitions ,these partitions  are called C:,D:,E: etc
The data on drives is organized in the form of directories and files.A logical division of a drive where files are stored is known as directory.A drive may have many directories .DOS creates a directory on the disk automaticlly when the disk is formatted .This directory is called root directory.A directory within a directory is called subdirectory.
The directory in which the user is currently working is called as present working directory.
DOS interprets all commands with reference to the present working directory until the user specifies any other directory.

plotter

PLOTTER
It is a large scale printer.It recieves commands from computer to make drawings on  paper. It creates an output using one or more automatic pens.A plotter can draw continuous point to point lines from computer graphics files.They are much expensive than printers.They are frequently used for computer aided engineering


TYPES OF PLOTTER
DRUM PLOTTER

                              It is a plotter that creates output by using a pen or drumThe paper is wrapped on the drum that roatates back & forth                                    

PRINTER-INKJET

PRINTER-INKJET
An Inkjet Printer is a type of non-impact printer.It prints characters and graphics by spraying tingy drops of liquid ink on paper.These printers can produce quality text and graphics in both black and white and color including photos.A typical injet printer provides resolution of 300 dots per inch or more.The latest inkject printer provide higher resolution
The price of Inkjet printer is less than laser printer.However,they are slower than laser pinter
Print quality of inkjet printer is better than dot matrix printer/They are comparativly inexpesive.
Most of Inkjet printer are frequenty used in the wolrd
ELECTROSTATIC PRINTER
An electrostatic printer is a type of non impact princter It uses a special paper for printing.It creates characters on paper by using stylus.It places an electrostaic charged image on the paper to create character.The paper is moved through a solution that contains ink particles.The ink adhere to the chatges that create a paterns on paper to develop the image